“The number
one thing that they’re doing that I really like is that they’re giving primary
weight to the ancient, the oldest manuscripts – Sinaiticus, and Vaticanus, and
some of those older manuscripts. We all
know, in text-critical circles, that those manuscripts are by default more
accurate. They’re closer to the event;
there’s been less time for them to be changed; the editors showed less of a
propensity to change. And when I’m
reading this, I feel like I’m one step closer to those oldest and most reliable
manuscripts.”
A clearer
expression of the axiom, “Older is better” could scarcely be found.
But is that
true?
Today, let’s take a passage from
the Gospels – John 2:1-11, which records Jesus’ miracle of water to wine at the
wedding-feast in Cana of Galilee – and see whether or not an ancient
manuscript is more accurate than a younger manuscript.
Since the Tyndale House GNT happens to be in
view, I shall use its text as the basis of comparison.
We let’s compare this passage as it is
reconstructed in the Tyndale House edition of the Greek New Testament, and
Codex Sinaiticus, and a medieval lectionary – specifically,
Lectionary
1963 (the Symeon Stylites Lectionary), which is about 1000 years old.
As we look
at John 2:1-11, keep in mind the difference in the ages of these two
manuscripts: reckoning that the Gospel
of John was written around A.D. 90, the copyists in the transmission-line of
Codex Sinaiticus had only about 260 years in which mistakes could be made,
accretions could be added, lines or phrases could be carelessly dropped, and so
forth. Whereas if Lectionary 1963 was
produced around 1100, the copyists in its transmission-stream had about 1000
years in which the same sort of thing could occur.
By Mounce’s
logic, we should expect Codex Sinaiticus to have a far superior form of
the text. We all know this . . . right? The copyists of Sinaiticus had “less of a
propensity to change” – right? And
compared to Lectionary 1963, the copyists in the transmission-stream of Codex
Sinaiticus only had a third as much time for changes to occur. Plus, the copyists of Lectionary 1963 were
producing a form of the text deliberately altered and adjusted for medieval church-services. Surely there is no need to wonder which one
contains the more accurate text . . . right?
Nevertheless
let us proceed with the comparison. The
usual ground rules for “Hand to Hand Combat” (used in some earlier posts) will
be in play here: all textual differences
will be initially noted. First-hand
readings in the text are the focus. Variants
are “scored” in simple mathematical terms:
one point (+) shall be given for each non-original letter, and one point
(-) shall be given for the absence of each original letter. Movable-nu
variants are noted. Contractions of
sacred names, and similar abbreviations, will not be counted as variants. Transpositions will be mentioned but not
counted as variants if there is no other difference. Also, because one of the witnesses being
compared is a lectionary, we shall only begin the comparison after the
introductory phrase in verse 1. After an
initial score is tallied, each text will be rescored with itacisms and movable-nu readings removed from consideration.
Now let’s consider Lectionary 1963’s text of John 2:1-11:
2:1 – no
variations
2:2 – no
variations
2:3 – no
variations
2:4 – no variations
2:5 – Lect 1963
has legei instead of legh
(+2, -1)
2:6 – Lect 1963
transposes to udriai liqinai
2:6 – Lect 1963
transposes (after ex) to keimenai kata ton kaqarismon twn Ioudaiwn
2:6 – Lect 1963
has metritas instead of metrhtas (+1, -1)
2:7 – Lect 1963
has gemhsate instead of gemisate (+1, -1)
2:7 – Lect 1963
has egemhsan instead of egemisan (+1, -1)
2:8 – Lect 1963
has arcitriklinw instead of arcitrikleinw (-1)
2:8 – Lect 1963
has kai
instead of oi de (+3, -4)
2:9 – Lect 1963
has arcitriklinos instead of arcitrikleinos (+1, -1)
2:9 – Lect 1963
has eidh
instead of hdei (+3, -3)
2:9 – Lect 1963
has fwnh instead of fwnei (+1, -2)
2:9 – Lect 1963
has arcitriklinos instead of arcitrikleinos (+1, -1)
2:10 – Lect 1963
has tote after mequsqwsin (+4)
2:11 – Lect 1963
has epoihse instead of epoihsen
(-1)
2:11 – Lect 1963
has thn
before archn (+3)
2:11 – Lect 1963
has efanerwse instead of efanerwsen (-1)
Thus in
John 2:1-12, Lect 1963 has a rough score of +21 and -18, yielding a total of 39
letters’ worth of deviation from the original text as represented in the THEGNT. Most of these differences are trivial. When itacisms and movable-nu variants are removed from the
equation, three deviations remain:
2:8 – Lect 1963
has kai instead of oi de (+3, -4)
2:10 – Lect 1963
has tote after mequsqwsin (+4)
2:11 – Lect 1963
has thn before archn (+3)
The amount
of non-trivial variation in John 2:1-11 in
Lectionary 1963 consists of a total
of 14 letters’ worth of deviation (i.e., 10 non-original letters are present, and
four original letters are absent) compared to THEGNT.
Not one of these readings is a medieval novelty.
Codex A (from the 400s) also has
kai instead of
oi de in 2:8, and Codex A also has
tote in 2:10. (Both of those readings are found in the majority of
Greek manuscripts.)
Meanwhile Codex
Sinaiticus (
À) shares
thn
before
archn in 2:11.
(This, too, is the reading of the majority of
Greek manuscripts.)
Now let’s
look at John 2:1-11 in
Codex Sinaiticus.
This famous manuscript is one which Dr. Mounce described as “by default
more accurate” and as one of the “oldest and most reliable manuscripts.”
In his view, Codex Sinaiticus is a “wonderful, wonderful manuscript – the most important copy of the Bible that we have.”
2:1 – no
variations
2:2 – no
variations
2:2 – À
has oinon ouk eicon, oti cunetelesqh o oinos tou gamou eita instead of usterhsantos oinou
(+41, -13)
2:3 – À
has oinos instead of oinon (+1, -1)
2:3 – À
has estin
instead of exousin (+2, -4)
2:4 – no
variations
2:5 – no
variations
2:6 – À
does not have keimenai (-8) (The word
is added above the line)
2:7 – À
has kai at the beginning of the verse
(+3)
2:8 – À
has arcitriklinw instead of arcitrikleinw (-1)
2:9 – À has arcitliklinos instead of arcitrikleinos (+2, -2)
2:9 – À
has arcitriklinos instead of arcitrikleinos (+1, -1)
2:10 – À
does not have autw (-4)
2:10 – À
has de after su (+2)
2:10 – À
has thn before archn (+3)
2:11 – À
has prwthn after Galilaias (+6)
2:11 – À
does not have autou after docan (-5)
2:11 – À
transposes to oi maqhtai autou eis auton
Thus in
John 2:1-11, Codex Sinaiticus has a rough score of +61 (i.e., 60 non-original
letters are in the text) and -39 (i.e., 39 original letters are not in the
text), for a total of 100 letters’ worth of deviation compared to the THEGNT. When itacisms and transpositions are removed
from the equation, ten variants remain:
2:2 – Sinaiticus
has oinon ouk eicon, oti cunetelesqh o oinos tou gamou eita instead of usterhsantos oinou
(+41, -13)
2:3 – Sinaiticus
has oinos instead of oinon (+1, -1)
2:3 – Sinaiticus
has estin
instead of exousin (+2, -4)
2:6 – Sinaiticus
does not have keimenai (-8) (The word
is added above the line)
2:7 – Sinaiticus
has kai at the beginning of the verse
(+3)
2:10 – Sinaiticus
does not have autw (-4)
2:10 – Sinaiticus
has de after su (+2)
2:10 – Sinaiticus
has thn before archn (+3)
2:11 – Sinaiticus
has prwthn after Galilaias (+6)
2:11 – Sinaiticus
does not have autou after docan (-5)
Thus the amount of non-trivial variation in John 2:1-11 in À
consists of a total of 93 letters’ worth of deviation (i.e., 58 non-original
letters are present, and 35 original letters are absent) compared to the THEGNT.
To
restate: when we consider all variants,
even trivial ones, Lectionary 1963 has 39 letters’ worth of deviation from the
THEGNT. With trivial variants set aside,
Lectionary 1963 has 14 letters’ worth of deviation compared to the THEGNT. Meanwhile, the text from the copyist of Codex
Sinaiticus has 100 letters’ worth of deviation compared to the THEGNT if
trivial variants are considered, and if trivial variants are set aside, Codex
Sinaiticus has 93 letters’ worth of deviation from the THEGNT.
An
additional consideration: tote in verse 10 is widely attested, and
could easily be skipped by accident if a copyist’s line of sight shifted to the
following to- in the next word, ton.
If tote is regarded as
original, then the amount of non-trivial deviation in Lectionary 1963 drops to
10 letters, and the amount of non-trivial deviation in Sinaiticus rises to 97
letters. No matter how you slice it,
John 2:1-11 in Codex Sinaiticus has more than five times as much corruption
than Lectionary 1963.
Dr. Mounce’s notion that the age of a manuscript is a sure measure of the accuracy
of its text, however reasonable it sounds, is manifestly untrue.
Readers who
rely on the
Tyndale House edition of the Greek New Testament for their
knowledge of textual variants, however, will be blissfully unaware of the
embarrassing plethora of scribal corruptions in the “earliest and most
reliable” manuscripts.
In John 2:1-11,
the textual apparatus of the THEGNT has exactly
zero variant-units.
The apparatus of the THEGNT quotes no patristic writings, no ancient versions, and no lectionaries. (Based on the list of witnesses in the introduction to the THEGNT, it appears that lectionaries were not even consulted during its compilation.)
A more detailed apparatus could make difficult for
Dr. Mounce to maintain his claim. Specifically, a
more detailed apparatus could include enough information to challenge the claim that the text of John 2:1-11 in Sinaiticus is “most reliable,” and “wonderful,” and accurate
by default, and demonstrate instead that in John 2:1-11, the
copyists in its transmission-stream had introduced five times the amount of corruptions,
in a third of the time, compared to the text in an ordinary medieval
lectionary.
Readers are invited to double-check the data in this post.
