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Saturday, November 11, 2017

If In Doubt, Sort It Out

 
Curious incidents
in the Byzantine Text
.
          “If in doubt, don’t throw it out.”
  That is the way in which Dan Wallace has asserted that Byzantine copyists handled the text of the New Testament when they had two exemplars that said two different things.  That is essentially a restatement of the claim made by J. J. Griesbach over 200 years ago:  “Scribes were much more prone to add than to omit.  They hardly ever leave out anything on purpose, but they added much.” 
            That idea – one of the fundamental principles used by textual critics throughout the 1800’s and 1900’s – was effectively erased by the data and analysis which was published by James Royse in 2010 in Scribal Habits in Early Greek New Testament Papyri.  Royse observed that the rate at which the copyists of some early papyri made omissions is higher than the rate at which those copyists made additions; the ratio works out to about 3:2.  This means that scribes were more prone to omit than to add.  Griesbach had it backwards, and everyone who has relied on the validity of the axiom, “Prefer the shorter reading” has had it backwards – including Bruce Metzger.
            It shouldn’t have taken until 2010 for researchers to acknowledge that Griesbach’s claim was standing on thin ice.  (And some already did; in each generation at least a few scholars maintained that the New Testament text’s transmission-history resembled the clothes in a traveling salesman’s suitcase, losing a sock at every hotel.)  To researchers equipped with (mostly) accurate transcripts of Codices Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Bezae, and Sinaiticus, it should have been clear that if the Byzantine Text originated as an amalgamation of Alexandrian and Western readings, its creators must have frequently rejected the readings in their exemplars.  That is, one can believe Hort’s theory of the Lucianic recension, or one can believe that scribes using more than one exemplar typically expanded the text, but not both. 
            The following readings, all taken from the first five chapters of the Gospel of John, demonstrate this with particular force.  In each case, the Byzantine reading is shorter than a reading found in leading Alexandrian and/or Western witnesses. 
            ● 1:6 – Byz does not read ἦν
            ● 1:19 – Byz does not read πρὸς αὐτον after ἀπέστειλαν
            ● 1:21 – Byz does not read πάλιν after αὐτὸν (cf. Codex Wsupp)
            ● 1:28 – Byz does not read ὁ before Ἰωἀννης
            ● 1:38 – Byz does not prefix μεθ- to ἐρμηνευόμενον
            ● 1:39 – Byz does not read οὖν after ἦλθον
            ● 1:46 – Byz does not read ὁ before Φίλιππος
            ● 1:50 – Byz does not read ὄτι
            ● 2:4 – Byz does not read Καὶ before λέγει
            ● 2:17 – Byz does not read ὄτι after ἐστίν
            ● 3:5 – Byz does not read ὁ before Ἰησοῦς
            ● 3:28 – Byz does not read ὄτι after εἶπον
            ● 4:3 – Byz does not read γῆν before καὶ
            ● 4:3 – Byz does not read πάλιν before εἰς (Bc, À, P66, P75, D, and L all read πάλιν)
            ● 4:5 – Byz does not read τῷ after Ἰακὼβ
            ● 4:14 – Byz does not read ἐγὼ before δώσω (cf. Codex Wsupp) 
            ● 4:15 – Byz does not prefix δι- to έρχομαι
            ● 4:27 – Byz does not read αὐτῷ after εἶπεν
            ● 5:5 – Byz does not read αὐτοῦ after ἀσθενείᾳ
            ● 5:9 – Byz does not read ἐγερθεὶς
            ● 5:10 – Byz does not read καὶ after ἐστιν
            ● 5:10 – Byz does not read σου after κράβαττόν
            ● 5:15 – Byz does not read οὖν after ἀπῆλθεν
            ● 5:19 – Byz does not read τοῦ ἀνθρώπου after υἱὸς
            ● 5:26 – Byz does not read ὁ ζῶν before ἒχει
            ● 5:40 – Byz does not read αἰώνιον after ζωὴν
           
            That’s 26 non-expansions in five chapters, an average of five non-expansions per chapter.  Extrapolating, we might find over 100 such non-expansions in the entire text of John, and over 400 such non-expansions in all four Gospels.  
            (In addition, one might profit from considering all the Byzantine readings that are not significantly longer than their Alexandrian and Western rivals, but are simply different – variants such as the reading ὡσεὶ (instead of ὡς) in John 4:7, and the transposition at the end of John 4:20, and the reading Βηθεσδὰ in John 5:2 (where Vaticanus reads Βηθσαιδὰ, Sinaiticus reads Βηθζαθὰ, and D reads Βελζεθὰ).  
            How can one say that the Alexandrian and Western readings in the listed passages have not been thrown out?  And how can the Byzantine Text, at these points, be considered derivative of text-forms whose readings are rejected?
            Hort’s eight conflations have been used as proof that Byzantine scribes applied the principle, “If in doubt, don’t throw it out.”  Meanwhile, a tour through just the first five chapters of John reveals three times as many instances where, if Byzantine copyists accessed Alexandrian and Western exemplars (as advocates of the Lucianic recension believe that they did) – they must have thrown out Alexandrian or Western readings. 
            This does not mean that as more and more non-Byzantine manuscripts (with non-Byzantine readings) were encountered in the areas now known as Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, and Greece in the 300’s, they had no effect whatsoever on the local text.  This data does not refute the idea that in some passages of the Byzantine Text (I am thinking specifically of some of Hort’s alleged conflations), an early local reading, which once agreed exclusively with either the Alexandrian or Western reading, has been completely supplanted by an expansion that was elicited by the arrival, from another locale, of an attractive rival reading.  (Something similar happened occasionally in the Alexandrian transmission-stream, as Wilbur Pickering has demonstrated; see, for examples, Mark 1:28, John 7:39, Ephesians 2:5, and Colossians 1:12.)  But it does imply that to describe Byzantine scribes as if they never met an expansion they didn’t like is to spread an essentially false characterization.
            The evidence supports instead the position that the typical attitude of Byzantine scribes, when and where they encountered unfamiliar readings from non-local exemplars, was one of caution:  “If in doubt, sort it out.”  Otherwise these 26 short Byzantine readings in John chapters 1-5 would be longer.          


             

8 comments:

BallBounces said...

Fascinating.

Daniel Buck said...

1. "the claim made by J. J. Griesbach over 200 years ago:" the quote that follows is not on the page that pops up when the link is clicked.
2. "Byzantine reading is shorter than a reading found in leading Alexandrian and/or Western witnesses" What would these witnesses be--the Four Old Uncials mentioned?

Maurice A. Robinson said...

"Neither the shorter nor longer reading is to be preferred" - Robinson, "The Case for Byzantine Priority", internal criterion #8, with further extended discussion. RP2005, pp.552-554.

A Christian Thinker said...

Once again we must check our facts before we make a statement as a fact.

Timothy Joseph said...

Surely, Dr. R. is correct, as usual, particularly in light of the studies on scribal habits. A fault in previous articulation of this canon was the belief that scribes were not human, that they didn’t suffer from individual tendencies. Yes, we can see where copies of a common exemplar have incorporated preceding errors, but we now know many early omissions, like above, may have resulted from an individual scribes tendencies.
You can see this understanding being fleshed out in the THGNT, particularly in Mark, where the editors have chosen the longer reading when 01 & 03 together and mostly in isolation omit.

Tim

Richard Fellows said...

Royse does not demonstrate that omissions were more common than additions. He simply shows that omissions that produced singular readings were more common than additions that caused singular readings. One important class of additions is the correction of previous omissions (under the influence of another manuscript). Such additions do not yield singular readings so they are not included in Royse's statistics. This important point seems to have been overlooked by may who cite Royse and other studies. Royse includes omissions but not their correction.

Isn't it better to ask whether later manuscripts are longer or shorter than earlier ones?

Daniel Buck said...

I'm puzzled by your question, Richard. Doesn't this whole post precisely address that?

Richard Fellows said...

Hi Daniel. Allow me to clarify my question. Isn't it better to ask whether later extant manuscripts have more words (where they are present) than earlier extant manuscripts? Does that help? Royse addresses my question to some extent on page 734, where he concedes that Sinaiticus and Vaticanus are shorter texts than later manuscripts. His contention is that the later tendency to add text did not apply in the era of the earlier papyri that he studies. But he doesn't tell us whether his papyri are longer or shorter texts than Sinaiticus and Vaticunus. He observes that singular omissions are more common in his papyri than singular additions and makes the flawed inference that omissions were more common than additions.

I have no doubt that original omissions were more common than original additions. I guess scribes knew this too and for this reason, or other reasons, tended to prefer the longer reading when faced with a choice (just as Royse does). Again, this tendency is not accounted for in Royse's statistics because it did not produce singular readings. Scribes, knowing that original omissions are more common than original additions, would have followed the principle of "if in doubt don't chuck it out" and this would have allowed the (few) original additions to become widespread, and this would argue that WE should prefer the shorter text. Does that make sense? I'm not arguing that it is a strong criterion. I'm really just pointing out the flaw in the logic that Royse and others seem to be using.