THE DEBATERS RESPOND
At the outset of the second part of
the Tors-Costa debate
about how the original text of the New Testament should be reconstructed, technical difficulties caused Tony Costa’s voice to be briefly
inaudible. When the sound resumed, he was addressing Tors’ claim that the
Alexandrian Text has an error in Mark 1:2, where the main part of the quotation
is from Malachi. (Tors has argued in
an online essay that although evangelical apologists argue that it was not unusual to blend separate quotations and attribute them to a single source, the evidence for the existence
of such a custom is extremely elusive.) Let’s resume there. Once again, I will summarize the debaters’ statements and offer comment in italics.
Consider – Costa reasoned – Matthew 27:9, where words that are found in
Zechariah 11:12 are attributed by
Matthew to Jeremiah. Some copyists saw
the difficulty and therefore altered the text.
Similarly in Acts 20:28,
where the Textus Receptus has a difficult reading that seems to imply that God
has blood, scribes altered the text. (It may have been ill-advised spin to say that “a Majority Text manuscript” changed the difficult reading to an easier one in Matthew 27:9, for this only makes the point stand out more clearly that the vast majority of manuscripts do not avoid the more difficult reading in that case; most scribes thus acted contrary to the premise that Costa is defending.)
Byzantine manuscripts, Costa asserted, changed the text in Matthew 27:9. He provides their identities: Codex 22, which has Zechariah’s name in the text, and “Family 33, which is also Majority Text, omits the prophet’s name altogether.”
(There are just two problems with that. First, minuscule 22’s text frequently diverges from the Byzantine norm; it is not a typical Byzantine manuscript. Second, Costa misinterpreted a printed reference to “F 33” as if the F is an abbreviation for “family” but that is not what it means (there is no “family 33”); it represents Codex Boreelianus, and 33 refers to minuscule 33, which is, according to Metzger, “an excellent representative of the Alexandrian type of text.” Thus Costa has misdirected his accusation of scribal unreliability in two ways. First, he is illustrating the dangers of relying on small minorities of manuscripts; that is where the non-original reading is found in this case. The approach that he is arguing against is precisely the approach that avoids the adoption of such errors. Second, he has unintentionally exposed the unreliability of a chief member of the group of manuscripts that he is trying to convince his listeners is the most reliable.)
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Tony Costa, demonstrating
a rationalistic approach. |
Next, Costa addressed Tors’ statement about Byzantine readings
in the papyri, responding (as expected) that none of the papyri exhibit strong
and sustained patterns of agreement with the Byzantine Text. (This
was not a very effective response, since Tors had only claimed that the papyri
contained mixed texts; the question being how Byzantine readings got
into the mix if the Byzantine Text didn’t yet exist. It’s like finding a small mound containing salt, pepper,
and paprika in a kitchen where there is not supposed to be any paprika. Simply saying that a container full of
paprika was not found does not change the implication.)
Costa then said, “John said that there are mistakes in the Majority Text,” and as an example of a type of mistake, he mentioned harmonizations – specifically, harmonizations in the Lord’s Prayer in Luke (i.e.,
Luke 11:2-4), where, in the Majority Text, “The Lord’s Prayer in Luke 11
has expanded to match the Lord’s Prayer in the Gospel of Matthew.” Costa put things more forcefully: “In the later manuscripts, you’ll notice that
the Lord’s Prayer in the Gospel of Luke is exactly the same as the Gospel of Matthew,
with the doxology added to the end, ‘For Thine is the kingdom, the glory, and
the power, and so forth.’”
(Which is forceful –
but wrong. In the Byzantine Text, where
Matthew 6:11 has δὸς, Luke 11:3 has δίδου. Where Matthew’s text has σήμερον, Luke’s text
has τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν. Where Matthew’s text
has τὰ ὀφειλήματα, Luke’s text has τὰς ἁμαρτίας. Where Matthew’s text has ὡς και, Luke’s text
has και γὰρ. And – passing by some other
differences – the Lord’s Prayer in Luke in the Byzantine Text does NOT have the
doxology that appears in Matthew 6:13 in the Byzantine Text.
(Not only is Costa’s claim false, but it can
be reversed, and the absence of “but deliver us from evil” in the Alexandrian
Text of Luke 11:4 can be used as an example of Alexandrian omission, and the
absence of the doxology in the Alexandrian Text of Matthew can be used as an
example of Alexandrian harmonization – in this case, a conformation of
Matthew’s text to the parallel in Luke. Fortunately
for Costa, his friendly opponent did not pursue these points.)
(A better example of a rationalistic approach in action – in which someone paints a reasonable-sounding picture of how scribes made harmonizations, while failing to carefully examine the evidence – could scarcely be hoped for.)
(Also, the order in the doxology is kingdom, then power, then glory.)
Then, in response to Tors’ observation about the plethora of
scribal errors in Papyrus 66, Costa said that scribes made so many mistakes because
they were working under stressful conditions, specifically, Roman
persecution. The Alexandrian scribes,
Costa proposed, were “on the run.” (I
suspect/hope that this idea came to Costa on the spot, without a test of its
plausibility.)
The last section of Costa’s response to Tors’ opening
statement was a disjointed collection of miscellaneous and tangential points: (One of these points ended up being
revisited later in the debate.)
● God had used the Vulgate and a variety of
versions based on different texts (Tors’
focus had been altogether elsewhere; perhaps this observation was made as if to
suggest that God does not share the “very adversarial approach” that Costa
attributed to Tors. An adversarial
approach in a debate; what a concept.)
● A “majority rules” approach
does not work with the Old Testament text.
(Costa thus opposed a view that
Tors never advocated or even mentioned in his opening statement.)
● The
Majority text does not have “daily”
in Luke 9:23; isn’t that a scribal
harmonization? (Tors never answered this question, but if he had, the answer would
probably be that the minority reading with “daily” (καθ’ ἡμέραν), familiar due
to its inclusion in the Textus Receptus, is an Alexandrian harmonization from
First Corinthians 15:31.)
● A note (in Vaticanus at Hebrews 1:3) rebuking a
copyist who tried to correct the text shows that Alexandrian copyists
faithfully transmitted the text. (Costa seemed unaware that the old reading
which the note-writer is zealous to preserve (φανερον) is a mistake; the
reading there in Nestle-Aland and in the Byzantine Text is φέρων.)
● Textual
criticism is very complicated and people should read Metzger & Ehrman’s The
Text of the New Testament. (Because there’s nothing like recommending a
book by an ecumenical Bible-condenser and an atheist to convince people at
church that your position is faith-friendly.)
● Modern
translations such as the ESV (which Costa called the Evangelical Standard Version; this was a joke, I think) do not really deny any important doctrines.
Then Tors responded. (It was very advantageous to go second
in this part of the debate, because Tors could thus respond not only to Costa’s
opening statement but also to Costa’s response.)
He used the words that Costa had just delivered as part of the framework
for his response. Tors made eight
corrective points before addressing Costa’s earlier remarks:
● Nobody is
saying that all the Byzantine manuscripts agree perfectly; of course the
Byzantine manuscripts are not 100% uniform.
That does not say anything about the validity of the Majority Reading
approach.
● About the
note in Vaticanus: this supports exactly
what Tors has been saying: although some
scribes, on rare occasions, tried to alter the text, their efforts were
opposed.
● Regarding
Matthew 27:9: we see some scribes alter
the text, but how many? A very small
number, nowhere remotely close to a majority.
This once again supports the view that the vast majority of scribes did
not consciously alter their texts, and most people did not accept such rare
alterations.
● About the
rival readings in Mark 1:2: is the
Byzantine reading correct? Yes; even if
one posits a thematic connection to a passage in Exodus (I think that must have been mentioned in the part of Costa’s
statement where there is no audio), Moses was a prophet, so it’s not a
problem. But is the Alexandrian reading
correct? No. The apologists try to say, “There was this
scribal practice of ascribing several quotes from several sources to one
source” but (Tors says) when he checked it out, he found no substantial
basis for that assertion. (This is not an approach that I would take;
rather, granting that a writer could validly cite more than one thematically
related passages from the Old Testament but only name one of them specifically –
I would point to the strong scribal tendency to identify unnamed prophets and
other unnamed individuals in the Gospels as evidence that in cases such as Mark
1:2, the idea that the less specific reading is to be preferred should be brought to bear.)
● What
about Matthew 27:9? It’s not a problem because the text refers to what was spoken
by Jeremiah. Nothing precludes the idea
that Jeremiah spoke a prophecy that
was also written by Zechariah. (It
might have been helpful to point out the parallels between parts of Jeremiah 49,
and parts of the text of Obadiah.)
Similarly in Matthew 1:23,
Matthew refers to a prophecy that was spoken but which is not found in written
form anywhere in the books of the prophets. There simply was not a custom of
saying that what had been written by one man was written by someone else. (In my
view, a case can be made that Matthew – writing to a readership well-acquainted
with the Old Testament writings – felt that it would not be problematic to draw
a thematic link between a passage in Jeremiah, and a passage in Zechariah
without naming both sources. That does
not mean that Mark was in a similar situation; for further analysis regarding
Mark 1:2 see my online essay about that variant-unit.)
● It is not
an ad hominem argument to call
Griesbach a “rationalist.” That is an
accurate assessment of his philosophy and of the basis for his text-critical
assumptions: he valued what seemed
reasonable, rather than what was tested and experienced.
● Regarding
Papyrus 66: Roman persecution came in
waves; the scribes simply were not under the kind of constant stress that Costa
has described. (Costa’s description is speculation through and through. Tors surely pulled his punches here.)
● Is the
majority always right? Not always; after
all, Tors is advocating a view held by a minority of scholars. But showing that some majorities are wrong does nothing to show that the Majority
Text approach is wrong.
Tors then presented a map of the Byzantine Empire
as it existed in the year 600.
Revisiting Costa’s claims about why the Alexandrian Text disappeared,
Tors points out that the Byzantine Empire included a
huge swath of territory; it was not a localized corner of text-production. Against Costa’s claim that the Byzantine Text
did not become the majority until the ninth century, when we look at the use of
the Byzantine Text in this huge territory, we have to ask, if the Alexandrian
Text was in the majority, why did the people in this area stop using it? Roman persecution ended in the 300’s;
Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire
by the 400’s – and we see the Byzantine Text used in the 400’s and 500’s. Why not the Alexandrian Text, if that was the
majority?
Also, we keep being told by advocates of the Alexandrian
Text that the early church fathers in the first 300 years quoted the
Alexandrian Text. But when we examine
their quotations, that’s arguable. (Tors built the case gradually: arguable, then questionable, then . . . ) It is
mistaken. The early patristic quotations
of the New Testament are a textual mishmash; they do not support one form or
another – but they side with the Byzantine Text more than with anything
else. (It would have been helpful to provide a few concrete examples, such as
Clement’s text of Matthew.) In
addition, the pro-Alexandrian case benefits from an absence of evidence where
early patristic evidence is concerned:
there are no early patristic writings from Antioch
and the surrounding area that are substantial enough to analyze. (Tors seemed to have more to say about this, but he apparently had some technical difficulty with his digital slides, and moved on.)
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John Tors, commenting about
intentional textual changes. |
Tors then addressed Griesbach’s fundamental premise: did scribes intentionally change the text?
(Costa had mentioned a couple of passages that he considered alterations. Tors could have easily gotten distracted and
attempted to focus on those specific passages in detail – but instead he kept
his focus.) Without granting that any
reading in the Majority Text is not original, Tors simply noted that he had
never said that deliberate alterations never happened; he only insisted that
they were rare. And Costa only gave a
few examples – because they are rare. (Tors could have really hammered this point by pointing out that even the most prominent examples of
harmonization that Costa gave – the exact harmonization of the Lord’s Prayer,
and the inclusion of the doxology in the Lord’s Prayer in Luke 11 – are
non-existent.)
As Tors wrapped up this part of the debate, he once again
stated that although the reasoned eclectic approach yields a text that contains
errors, the Majority Reading approach yields a text that is inerrant. And it is the original inerrant text the
textual critics should aim to reconstruct, even though God has shown that He is
able to use imperfect compilations and even flawed translations such as the
Vulgate.
In this
part of the debate, Costa presented practically no point for which Tors (even
without taking advantage of Costa’s gaffes) did not have an effective answer.
Tors did not, however, spend much time addressing Costa’s claim that it
would be “dangerous” to apply the Majority Reading approach to the
Old Testament text, probably because Tors never suggested doing so, and because
the announced subject of the debate was not the Old Testament text.
Somehow this soon drifted into the main current of the debate.
Coming soon:
Part 3: The Debaters Cross-Examine
Each Other.
