Palladius of Ratiaria:
ever hear of him? Probably
not: his name does not appear among the
Latin Church Fathers cited in the 4th edition of the UBS Greek New
Testament. There was a man named Palladius
who preached the gospel in Ireland
in the early 400s, before Saint Patrick – but Palladius of Ratiaria, in about the
same period (late 300s-early 400s) was in a far different region, where Bulgaria
is today.
Before the Council of Aquileia in 381, Palladius had served
as bishop, but at that council Palladius and Secundianus, another Arian bishop,
were removed from office by the other bishops at the council. Their chief theological opponent was the
famous Ambrose of Milan.
In an early fifth-century manuscript kept at the National
Library of France – Manuscript
Latin 8907 – several early theological works are preserved, including
Hilary of Poitier’s De Trinitate, Contra Auxentium, and De Synodis, and the first two books of
Ambrose of Milan’s De Fide. Also in MS
Lat. 8907 is a record of the proceedings of the Council of Aquileia. Remarkably, this manuscript, produced in the
early 400s, preserves writings and records of events from the 300s.
In part of the margin of MS
Lat. 8907, there is what has been titled the Dissertation of Maximinus Against Ambrose, or “Arian Scholia on the Council of Aquileia,”
which mostly constitutes a critique of the proceedings of the Council of
Aquileia from an Arian point of view. The
modern-day author William A. Sumruld describes the second part of the Arian
scholia like this:
“The second
major block [of scholia] is separated from the first by a gap of twenty-four
pages. It begins with two extracts from
Ambrose’s De Fide, each followed by a
reply ascribed to someone called Palladius, probably Palladius of Ratiara
(condemned at the council). The second
reply of Palladius is followed by an Arian account of the council’s
proceedings, still addressing Ambrose directly in a tone of protest and ending
with an appeal for a new hearing before the Senate at Rome.
It portrays Palladius and Secundianus as confessors of the faith faced
with a false bishop, Ambrose, and a band of ignorant conspirators.” (p. 154, Augustine
and the Arians, © 1994 Associated University Presses Inc.)
The material from Maximinus (and his sources, including
Palladius) in the margin of Latin MS 8907 thus forms an interesting witness to
Arian theology in the first half of the 400s.
Roger Gryson edited this material in 1980, with a French translation, in
Scolies Ariennes sur le
Concile D’Aquilée – Introduction, Texte Latin, Traduction et Notes,
replacing an earlier (1899)
edition of Maximinus’ dissertation against Ambrose by Friedrich Kauffmann.
There are plenty of
appeals to the New Testament embedded in the portions of the margin of MS Latin
8907 attributed to Palladius. Some New
Testament passages that are utilized in one way or another include:
In Matthew:
27:54.
In Mark: 10:17-18, 16:19.
In
Luke: 1:33.
In
John: 1:14, 1:18, 3:16, 8:35, 9:36-37,
10:11, 10:36, 11:42, 14:28, 17:3, 18:37.
In
Acts: 1:11.
In
Romans: 1:20, 1:25, 5:10, 8:31-32, 8:34,
16:27.
In I
Corinthians: 1:13, 1:24, 2:6-8, 8:6, 15:3.
In II
Corinthians: 1:3.
In
Ephesians: 1:17, 3:14-15, 4:6.
In
Philippians: 3:2.
In
Colossians: 1:15-17, 3:1.
In I
Thessalonians: 1:9-10.
In I
Timothy: 1:17, 6:15, 6:16.
In
Titus: 3:10-11.
Let’s take a closer look at Palladius’ utilization of Mark
16:19. In the margin of 347r of Latin MS
8907 (on pages 316-318 of Gryson’s transcription), before the focus shifts to
Acts 1:11, we find:
Tres etiam consessores, cum Spiritus Sanctus de unius
eiusdemque sui domini predicauerit sede per Dauid dicens [or dicentem]: Dixit
Dominus domino meo: Sede a dextris meis,
sed et euangelista Marcus solum Ihesum Cristum ascendisse in caelum et ad
dexteram Dei rettulerit sedere, dicens:
Et dominis quidem Ihesus, postquam locutus est, receptus est in caelos
et sedet ad dexteram Dei.
Gryson translated this as:
<< Trois qui siègent ensemble >> également,
alors que l’Esprit-Saint a parlé clairement d’un unique siège, celui de son
seigneur, en disant par la bouche de David : << Le Seigneur a dit a mon seigneur:
Siège à ma droite >>, et que l’évangéliste Marc rapporte que seul
Jésus-Christ est monté au ciel et siège à la droite de Dieu : << Et le
seigneur Jésus, après qu’il eut parlé, a été accueilli dans les cieux et siège
à la droite de Dieu. >>
I am not fluent in French but I think that in English this
yields something like:
”Three who sit together: And while the
Holy Spirit spoke clearly of a single seat, that of his lord, speaking by the
mouth of David. “The Lord said to my lord: Sit at my right.” And the evangelist Mark relates that only
Jesus Christ ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God: “And the Lord Jesus, after he had spoken, was received into heaven and was seated at the right hand of God.””
Whatever improvements might be made in this English
rendering, this is a clear citation of Mark 16:19. I suggest that Palladius’ existence, and his utilization
of Mark 16:19, should be acknowledged in the textual apparatus of the UBS Greek New Testament, and in the textual
apparatus of the Nestle-Aland Novum
Testamentum Graece.
(With essential assistance from Jil De La Tourette and Grbh Guillaume)
